Comparative analysis of some physicochemical and biological parameters of well and borehole water samples obtained in Dustin-Ma Town, Katsina State, Nigeria

Abstract

Water quality continues to pose a major challenge in many urban areas particularly in the developing countries, in which Dutsin-Ma town of Katsina State is not an exception. The aim of this study was to compare the physicochemical and biological characteristics of water obtained from three wells and three boreholes located in six different areas of Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. The analysis was carried out using standard procedure recommended by the American Public Health Association (APHA). The physicochemical parameters analysed include the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature. Bacteriological examination of the water samples was assessed using the membrane filtration technique. Findings revealed that borehole water generally had better quality than well water, with most physicochemical parameters such as pH (6.90–7.40) and electrical conductivity (300–550 µS/cm) found to be within the permissible limits set by the WHO. In contrast, well water recorded higher turbidity levels (5.2–6.8 NTU) and significant microbial contamination, with E. coli counts reaching up to 18 CFU/100 mL, exceeding recommended standards. The Water Quality Index rated borehole water from “good” to “poor,” whereas well water ranged from “poor” to “unsuitable” for consumption. Overall, borehole water was found to be relatively safer for domestic use, although treatment is still necessary for both water sources before consumption.