Comparative analysis of concentrations of heavy metals in mining sites and community soils, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

Abstract

Mining plays a critical role in economic development, particularly in mineral-rich regions such as Jos and its environs in Nigeria. However, the unchecked expansion of both legal and illegal mining operations has raised growing concerns about environmental sustainability and public health. This study investigates the impacts of mining activities on soil and water quality in selected mining zones around Jos, and compares heavy metal contamination in soils from active mining sites and adjacent communities in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The research aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution and ecological risks posed by heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), etc. Soil samples were collected from four mining sites (Wildlife Park, Rantiya, Rayfield, and Mista Ali) and nearby residential areas, and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results revealed severe contamination in mining sites with Cd (2.98 mg/kg mean), Pb (71.26 mg/kg), and Se (67.47 mg/kg) exceeding WHO permissible limits. Community soils showed lower but still concerning levels, indicating pollutant dispersion. Iron concentrations were notably high in Rantiya (982.20 mg/kg), suggesting leaching from mining waste. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05) between mining and community soils, with strong correlations between metal concentrations and proximity to mining activities. The findings highlight substantial ecological and public health risks, including potential bioaccumulation in crops and chronic exposure hazards. Immediate interventions are recommended. This study underscores the need for sustainable mining practices to mitigate long-term ecological degradation in the Jos Plateau region. In conclusion, effective remediation efforts and policy reforms are crucial to mitigate the harmful impacts of mining activities and to safeguard environmental and human health in the region.