Effects of Water-Soluble Fractions of Crude Oil on Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metal Status of River Ethiope at Abraka, Nigeria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/jobasr-2023-v1i1-19
Agbogidi O. M.1
Ogbemudia C. O.
Nwabueze A. A.
Abstract
Crude oil exploration and exploitation has impacted the environment and
humans negatively. The effects of Water Soluble Fractions (WSFs) of Universal
Energy Akwa Ibom crude oil on River Ethiope, Abraka, Nigeria were assessed
so as to ascertain its physiochemical qualities and the presence of heavy metals.
Physicochemical qualities were determined following standard procedures of
APHA and AOAC. The impacts of WSFs on the physicochemical parameters
was significant when compared with water sample controls from River Ethiope
but were still within the limits of WHO. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
turbidity, total alkalinity, calcium, nitrates and HCO3 had levels higher than
water samples controls. Other parameters were either lower in water sample
control or did not differ significantly in values between the water samples and
WSFs of crude oil.COD, DO, BOD, turbidity, conductivity, sulphate, calcium,
magnesium, potassium and chloride ion had values lower than the WHO
recommended range. Both water samples and WSFs contained traces of heavy
metals. All trace heavy metals in water samples and WSFs were lower in levels
when compared with WHO recommended levels except lead which had a higher
levels in the WSFs. Although most of the parameters and heavy metals
determined in this study were within the WHO permissible levels for drinking
water, there is the need to exercise precaution because of the health risks
associated with metal load and their non-degradable nature. Hence, regular
monitoring by regulating bodies to avoid possible bioaccumulation and
biomagnification along the food chain and webs is necessary.
References
(2013).Physicochemical parameters andmacroinvertebrate
fauna of Ona River at Oloyele Estate, Ibadan, Nigeria
Journal of Environmental and earth Sciences. 5(1): 671-
676. DOI: 10.19026/rjees.5.5722.
Afolabi, O. A., Adeyemi, S. A. and Imebore, M. A.
(1985). Study on toxicity of some Nigerian crude oils on
some aquatic organisms. In: Proceedings of 1985
International Seminar on Petroleum Industry and the
Nigerian environment, Lagos. Pp 269-273.
Agbogidi, O. M. (2003). Response of Azolla africana
Desv.andSalvinianymphellulaDesv.tothe water soluble
fractions of Odidi well crude oil. Journal of Science and
Technology Research, 2: 276-80.
Agbogidi, O. M. (2005). The role of macrophytes in
aquatic systems: a botanical review.Nigerian Journal of
Science and Environment, 4: 1-9.
Agbogidi, O. M., Nwake, F. U. and Okechukwu, E. M.
(2006). Yield performances of fivecultivars of soys bean
(Glycin max L.) as influenced by soil contaminated with
crude oil. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 8:
303-309.
Agbogidi, O. M., Adim, N. A. and Akintunde, J. (2016).
(2006). Effect of kerosene contaminated soil on growth of
maize (Zea Mays, L.) Journal of Agriculture and Food
Environment, 3(2): 84 - 91.
Ahmad, H., Tsafe, A. I., Zuru, A., Shehu, R. A., Atiku., P.
A. and Itodo, A. U. (2010). Physicochemical and heavy
metal values of Nigerian crude oil samples.International
Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 6(1): 10-15.
eISSN: 0794-4713.
AOAC (2010). Official methods of Analysis Association
of Official Analytical Chemist. 18th Edition, Washington,
DC.
APHA (2012), Standard methods for the examination
of water and waste water. 22nd Edition, American
Public Health Association. Water works.
Bamidele, J. and Agbogidi, O. M (2000). Toxicity of
Odidi petroleum oil and it's water solublefractions on
three aquatic macrophytes. Nigerian Journal of Science
and Environment, 2: 113 - 121.
Bamidele, J. and Agbogidi, O. M (2006). The effect of
soil pollution by crude oil on seedlinggrowth of
Machaerium lunatus (L.) GFW. Meg. Discovery and
Innovation, 18: 104 – 108. DOI:
10.4314/daiv18i2.15712
Efe, S.I, and Aruegodor, P. (2003). Aspect of
microclimates in Nigerian rural environment:
TheAbraka experience. Nigerian Journal of Research
and Production, 2(3): 48-51.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2013).
Permissible limits of drinking water. 4p.
Ifelebuegu, A. O, Ukpebor, J. E., Ahukannah, A. U,
Nnadi, E. O. and Theophilus, S. S. (2017).
Environmental effects of crude oil spills on the
physicochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of
the Nun River, Niger Delta. Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment, DOI: 10.1007/s.10661-017-5882-x.
Ikpeme, E. M., Uttah, C. and Uttah, E. C. (2013). The
effect of crude oil spill of Izombe, ImoState, Nigeria
on plankton diversity and abundance. Australian
Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(6): 178 - 183.
Corpus ID: 20992566.
Imoobe, T. O. T., and Aganmwonyi, I. (2021). Impact
of oil pollution on the water quality of Ekehuan River,
Edo State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Biotechnology
and Life Sciences, 1(1): 1-17. DOI: 10.52589/rjbls
Kaizer, A.N. and Osakwe, S.A. (2010).
Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels
inwater samples from five River systems in Delta
State, Nigeria.Journal of Applied Science and
Environmental Management. 14(1): 83-87. DOI:
10.4314/jasem.vi1.56501.
Kaizer, A.N and Osakwe, S.A. (2007) water chemistry
in the upper and middle Ethiope River,South Western
Nigeria. Journal of Science and Environment. 6: 147-
159.
Kim, D., Jung, J. H., Ha, S. N., An, J. G., Shankar, R.,
Kwon, J. H., Tim, U. H. and Kim, S. H.(2019). Molecular
level determination of water contaminated fractions with
embryonic developmental toxicity generated by
photooxidation of spilled oil. Chemosphere, 237: 123346.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124346.
Kottuparambil, S., Ashok, A., Barozzi, A., Michoud, G.,
Cai, C., Daffonchio, D., Duarte, C. M.and Agusti, S.
(2023). Tracking the early signals of crude oil in seawater
and plankton after a major oil spill in the Red Sea.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30:
69150-69164. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-2711-0.
Nwabueze, A. A. (2015). Plankton abundance and
diversity in relation to seasonal variations in
physicochemical parameters of River Ethiope, Nigeria.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Environment, 2(3): 89-
101. https://www.jafedelsu.com/archive/2015no3.html
Nwabueze, A.A. and Emefe O. (2012).Heavy metal
concentrations in the West African Clam,Egeria radiate
(Lamark, 1804) from McIver Market, Warri, Nigeria.
International Journal of Science and Nature, I.J.S.N. Vol.
3(2): 309-315.
https://www.scienceandnature.org/IJSN_vol3(2)2012.php
Nwabueze, A.A. (2011). Levels of some heavy metals in
tissues of Bonga Fish, Ethmallosafimbriata (Bowdich,
1825) from Forcados River. Journal of Applied
Environmental and Biological Sciences, Vol. 1(3-
February): 44-47.
Nwabueze, A. A. and Agbogidi, O. M. (2006). Impact of
water soluble fraction of crude oil of growth performance
of the catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffrey St.
Hilaire, 1809). European Journal of Scientific Research,
Vol. 13 No 3 (2006):369-373
Nwachukwu, A. N. and Osuagwu, J. E. (2014). Effects of
oil spillage on ground water quality inNigeria, American
Journal of Engineering Research, 3(6): 271-274.
www.ajer.org
Ogeleke, D. F., Tudararo-Aherobo, L. E. and Okieimen,
F. E. (2017). Ecological effects of oilspill on water and
sediment from two riverine communities in Warri,
Nigeria. International Journal of Biological and
Chemical Sciences, 11(1): 453-461. DOI:
10.4314/ijbcs.v11i1.36
Olele, N. F. Jessa, Q. A., Garba, A.A and ikenga, F.E.
(2019). Determination of somephysicochemical
parameters of River Ethiope, Delta State Nigeria.Journal
of Agriculture and Food Environment 6(3): 15 – 20.
Oti, W. J. (2016). Phytoremediation study on oil spill site
using common Nigerian vegetables.International
Journal of Research in Science, 1(3): 12 - 16. DOI:
10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2016.24.03.22976.
Uhegbu, F. U., Elekwa, I., Iweala, E. E. J., Kanu, I. and
Uhegbu, O. C. (2011). Effect ofpetroleum waste water
on new Calabar River and it's sediments in Buguma,
Rivers State of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and
Applied Sciences,17(4): 481- 485. ajol-file-
journal..0120712
World Health Organization, WHO (2010). Hardness in
drinking water. Background documentfor development
of WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality. Fourth
edition, Incorporating the first and second addenda.
Geneva. WHO/HSE/WSH/10.01/10/Rev/1.Pg 1-19.
Zhang, S., Guo, H., Zhang, S., Fan, H., Shi, J. (2020).
Are oil spills an important source of heavymetal
contamination in the Bohai Sea, China? Environmental
Science Pollution Research, 27(3): 3459-3461. DOI:
10.1007/s11356-019-06913-1
PDF