The study addresses concerns over the eventual depletion of petroleum by focusing on biodiesel derived from castor oil, a non-edible vegetable oil rich in ricinoleic acid. This renewable alternative offers significant environmental benefits compared to conventional diesel, including biodegradability, lower toxicity, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The research centers on optimizing the transesterification process of castor oil into biodiesel, exploring parameters such as alcohol-to-oil ratio and catalyst concentration to maximize yield and quality. A notable aspect of the study involves the incorporation of MgO nanoparticles into transesterified castor oil to enhance its viscosity, density, and specific gravity. The nanoparticles, ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% concentration, were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy for purity assessment of the oxide. Results indicate that even at a low concentration (0.2%), MgO nanoparticles significantly improve the physical properties of the biodiesel, suggesting an optimal concentration for fluid enhancement. Overall, the research contributes to sustainable biofuel development by leveraging non- edible vegetable oils like castor oil. By characterizing and ensuring the quality of the produced biodiesel against standard specifications, the study supports its practical application as a cleaner and more environmentally responsible fuel alternative. This advancement underscores ongoing efforts to reduce dependency on finite fossil fuel resources while promoting energy security and environmental stewardship in the transportation sector.

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Turning neem leaves anti-microbial substrate to methane- producing co-substrate for the generation of clean and affordable electricity through biogas : A case study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52(PA), 101982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.101982 Rashid, A. Bin. (2023). Review Article Utilization of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production and Property Enhancement. 2023. Sajjad, N., Orfali, R., Perveen, S., Rehman, S., Sultan, A., Akhtar, T., & Nazir, A. (2022). Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions. 27(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103230 Ağbulut, Ü., Karagöz, M., Sarıdemir, S., & Öztürk, A. (2020). Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine. Fuel, 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117521 Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Aziz, A. R. A., & Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2013). Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production : A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.07.009 Foroutan, R., Peighambardoust, S. J., Mohammadi, R., Peighambardoust, S. H., & Ramavandi, B. (2023). Jou rna lP. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 103307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103307 Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M., Khanali, M., & Demirbas, A. (2018). A comprehensive review on the environmental impacts of diesel/biodiesel additives. In Energy Conversion and Management (Vol. 174, pp. 579–614). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.050 Karki, B., Dhobi, S. H., Karki, B., Dhobi, S. H., & Dhobi, I. (2021). Optical properties of Transparent Liquid: Water, Oils, and Honey. J. Mater. Environ. Sci, 2021(12), 12. http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com Kennedy, K., & Anthony, O. (2023). Heliyon Experimental and theoretical assessment of phenomena linked with separation and purification of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seed oil. Heliyon, 9(6), e16536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16536 Kumar, A., Rawat, N., Trivedi, J., & Singh, R. (2023). Bioresource Technology Reports Biodiesel production using novel solvent from agricultural crop Cannabis sativa L . and Sapium sebiferum L . and their fuel properties characterisation using blends. Bioresource Technology Reports, 23(May), 101555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101555 Muhammad, M. B., & Chandra, R. (2022). Turning neem leaves anti-microbial substrate to methane-producing co- substrate for the generation of clean and affordable electricity through biogas : A case study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52(PA), 101982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.101982 Rashid, A. Bin. (2023). Review Article Utilization of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production and Property Enhancement. 2023. Sajjad, N., Orfali, R., Perveen, S., Rehman, S., Sultan, A., Akhtar, T., & Nazir, A. (2022). Biodiesel Production from Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil and Optimization of Process Conditions. 27(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103230