Morphological Characterization of Soils Along a Toposequence in Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria
Umar U.K.
Abdulqadir A.S.
Musa S.A.
Abdulmuddallib M.A.
Saddiq A.M.
Tahir A.M.
Abstract
This study examined soil morphological characteristics along a toposequence in Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State. Ten soil pedons were excavated and described at upper, middle, and lower slope positions across the study locations of Kwadon, Dadinkowa, Kanawa, Wajari, Zambuk, Baure, Kwali, Boltongo, Deba, and Jangerigeri, following standard soil survey procedures. Morphological properties assessed included profile depth, horizonation, soil colour, texture, structure, consistence, and root distribution. The soils were generally deep to very deep, with profile depths ranging from 150 to 200 cm, indicating suitability for crops with deep rooting systems. Soil colours ranged from dark brown to yellowish brown, while mottles observed in several subsoil horizons indicated seasonal water table fluctuations. Surface horizons were predominantly loamy sand and sandy loam, with increased clay content in subsurface horizons due to eluviation–illuviation processes along the toposequence. Soil structure in surface horizons was mainly weak to moderate sub-angular blocky, while consistence ranged from friable to very firm under moist and wet conditions, reflecting differences in moisture retention and plasticity across landscape positions. Distinct horizon development was evident in most pedons, highlighting the influence of topography on pedogenesis. Based on morphological characteristics, the soils were classified mainly as Alfisols, with Inceptisols and Entisols occurring at specific slope positions. The observed morphological and classification variations provide valuable information for soil classification, land evaluation, and sustainable management in the Northern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. practices such as organic matter addition, reduced tillage, and erosion control measures are recommended to improve soil structure and sustain productivity.
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