Comparative Study of Skin Microbiome of Male and Female subjects in Obong University and it's Environs

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/jobasr-2023-v1i1-19

Ikon G. M.1

Abasiubong V. N

Anosike I. K.

Divine M. O.

Obong University ObongNtak

Etim Ekpo L.G.A

Abstract
The skin is the largest organ interfacing with the external environment. The aim of the study is to compare skin microbiome of the following sites: Oily (eg Forehead, Nose and Chin), Moist (eg Elbow, breast, groin) and Dry (eg, arms, hands, and Abdomen) of male and female subjects in Obong University and its environs. The objectives of the study are to isolates, characterized and identify bacteria populations on human skin. The human skin though sterile prenatally becomes besieged by microorganisms. These microorganism comprising bacteria, fungi, protozoa and virus.A total of 54 skin swabs, 30 from male and 24 from female were collected from eighteen (18) subjects, 10 male and 8 female subjects and were analysed using standard microbiological methods. Five (5) bacterial isolates, Staphylococcusaureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsellapneumonia, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Cutibacterium were isolated from the representative skin sites .S.aureus and S.epidermidis dominated the moist and dry skin sites at 31% and 29%, 37% and 36%, respectively, while C.acnes occurred at 57% on the sebaceous sites. Based on gender differences, the isolates obtained from the female subjects from the three study sites showed S.aureus, S.epidermidis. C.acnes, P.aeruginosa and K.pneumonia occurring at the percentage prevalence of 35%, 36%, 39%, 39% and 36% respectively for the females and consequently at 65%, 64%, 61%, 61% and 64% for the male subjects. Based on age differences, the following bacteria, S.aureus, S.epidermidis, C.acnes, P.aeruginosa, and K.pneumonia were prevalent at 20%, 17%, 21%, 22%, and 20%., for the female between the age of 12-19 years and 22%, 17%, 23%, 20% and 18% for the males subjects between the age of 1019years. The increase in Staphylococcus aureus in men than women is attributed to the fact that men have more sweat glands than women (Kawahata, 1960).
References
Barnard, E., and Li, H. (2017). Shaping of cutaneous function by encounters with commensals. Journal of Physiology, 595(2):437-450 Belkaid, Y., and Segre, J. A. (2014). Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity. Science, 346:954-959. Bruggemmann, H., Henne, A., Hoster, F., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., and Strittmatter, A., (2004). The complete genome sequence of Propionibacterium acnes, a commensal of human skin. Science, 305:671-3. Byrd, A. L., Belkaid, Y., and Segre, J.A. (2018). The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16:143-55 Egret, H., Oko, k. I and Attah, G. A. (2007). Concomittant health condition of the skin site being evaluated, intervention between microorganism diet and stress levels. Journal Name Grice, E. A. (2015). The inter section of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic and metagenomicbased insights. Genome Resource, 25:1514-1520. Grice and Segre (2011). Classical and culturing based studies as well as recent metagenomic investigation, Genome Resource. 32-38. Holt, J. G., Krieg, N. R., Sneath, P.H.A and Staley, J.T. (1994). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The Williams and Wilkins CO., Baltimore, 786-788. Kong, H.H., Deming, Oh, J., C., Conlan, S., Grice, E.A., and Beatson, M.A. (2012). Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Resource, 22:850-859. Kawahata (1960). The increase in Staphylococcus aureus in men than in women. The International Journal of Science, 125-134. Kloo and Schlefer (1986). The important colonizersof the human skin both in terms of frequency and source of infection, Advance Journals of Microbiology, 274-342. Lowbury, E. N. (1969). Capacity to survive in a sebaceous environment. Journal of Clinical Science, 123-134. Leeming, H. E., Onwuezobe, A. I. and Abbey, T. N. (1984). The dominance of Cutibacterium acnes on oily sites as a result of lipid- rich substance called sebum. Journal of advances in Microbiology,.324:330. Lowbury, E.N. (1969). Pseudomonas aeruginosa are non-lipophylic and do not have ability to survive in the sebaceous environment. International journal of clinical Microbiology, 106-114. Myles et al (2016): Gram negative bacteriaisolated from innerelbow. A Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 204:210. Oh, J., Byrd, A.L., and Park, M. (2016). NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Kong, H.H., and Segre, J.A. Temporal stability of the human skin microbiome. Cell, 165:854-66. Oh, J., Abbey, T. G. and Moses, D. T. (2004). The microorganisms transit to oppurtunitic pathogens resulting in skin inflammatory.acommensal of human skin. Science, 304:670-3. Otto, M. (2009). Staphylococcus epidermidis – the ‘accidental’ pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7:555-567. Oh, J., Abbai, T. A. and Akas, R. G. (2012). Disparity in the result of Staph aureus associated with the younger females and males compared to older female and male is attributed to increase sexual maturity. Journal of advances in Microbiology, 234:241. Scharschmidt, T. C. and Fischbach, M. A. (2013). What lives on our skin: ecology, genomics, and therapeutic opportunities of the skin microbiome. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms, 10,e83-e89. Schmid-Wendtner, M. H. and Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 19:296-302 Ying, I., Dakoru, G. H and Eka, T. H. (2015). Agne as a result of low sebum production. Journal of science in microbiology,18:234-256. Wilson (2008). Thcoagulase negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of clinical Science.156-169.
PDF