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Modulatory Effects of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts on Hemodynamic and Glycemic Dysregulation in Induced Hypertensive and Diabetic Wistar Rats

DOI: https://doi.org/jobasr

Samuel I. Ojeaburu

Osagie-Eweka E.S.D

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A Publication of the Faculty of Physical Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Hypertension and diabetes frequently coexist, presenting complex therapeutic challenges and elevating cardiovascular risk. This study compared the effects of hydroethanolic and acetone fractions of Simarouba glauca (S. glauca) leaf extract on hemodynamic and glycemic parameters in male Wistar rats with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Male rats were divided into four groups: normotensive/non-diabetic control, hypertensive/diabetic control, and two treatment groups administered 25 mg/kg of either hydroethanolic or acetone fractions of S. glauca. Blood pressure, heart rate, fasting blood glucose, and body weight were monitored throughout the study. The hypertensive/diabetic control group exhibited significantly elevated systolic (139.20 ± 19.54 mmHg) and diastolic (91.37 ± 4.09 mmHg) pressures compared with normotensive controls (112.51 ± 5.35 mmHg; 76.36 ± 4.35 mmHg) (p ≤ 0.05). Both extract fractions reduced blood pressure, with the acetone fraction demonstrating greater efficacy (127.99 ± 15.62 mmHg systolic; 79.73 ± 3.49 mmHg diastolic). Fasting blood glucose was markedly higher in hypertensive/diabetic controls (462.4 ± 221.9 mg/dL) than in normotensive rats (89.00 ± 5.72 mg/dL) (p ≤ 0.05). Treatment with the acetone fraction produced a stronger hypoglycemic effect (270.99 ± 129.97 mg/dL) compared to the hydroethanolic fraction (386.85 ± 193.03 mg/dL) (p ≤ 0.05). Both fractions attenuated diabetes-associated weight loss. In conclusion, Simarouba glauca leaf extract fractions improved blood pressure and glucose regulation in hypertensive and diabetic rats, with the acetone fraction exhibiting superior cardiometabolic efficacy. These findings validate its ethnopharmacological relevance and highlight the role of extraction solvents in optimizing plant-derived therapeutic outcomes.
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