Integrating Socio-Ecological, Life Course, and Precision Public Health Approaches to Address Stroke Burden in Oil-Producing Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: An Epidemiological Perspective
Essiet Akanimo G.
Gordon Anietie A.
Umoren Augustine U.
Ime Aniema Abasi W.
Udim, Nkereuwem A.
Abstract
This epidemiological review critically examines the burden of stroke in the oil-producing communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, through the application of three conceptual frameworks: the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM), Life Course Theory (LCT), and Precision Public Health (PPH). Recognizing that traditional approaches often overlook the multi-layered determinants of stroke in resource-constrained and environmentally challenged regions, the review synthesizes evidence from international and regional literature to map the interplay of environmental, socioeconomic, and health system factors driving stroke risk. The SEM highlights the influence of individual behaviors, social networks, community infrastructure, and policy-level determinants, while LCT elucidates the cumulative impact of lifelong exposures to hydrocarbon pollutants, malnutrition, and poverty. PPH provides a strategic approach for targeting high-risk subpopulations through biomarker surveillance and geospatial mapping, optimizing intervention efficacy and equity. Methodologically, the review adheres to PRISMA guidelines, ensuring systematic study selection and rigorous data extraction. Findings reveal a syndemic of environmental contamination, socioeconomic deprivation, and inadequate healthcare, necessitating integrated, context-specific interventions such as environmental regulation, early detection, life course health monitoring, and community engagement. The review concludes that synthesizing these frameworks offers a comprehensive roadmap for evidence-based public health action and policy development, addressing both the scientific and social dimensions of stroke prevention in oil-producing regions.
References